http://wiki.opossem.org/index.php?title=Sampling&feed=atom&action=historySampling - Revision history2024-03-29T14:06:53ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.28.2http://wiki.opossem.org/index.php?title=Sampling&diff=2419&oldid=prevChris Lawrence: /* Introduction */2012-04-21T13:37:35Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Introduction</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>= Introduction =</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>= Introduction =</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Ideally, when doing social scientific research we'd study the full population of interest. However, given the limited resources available to political scientists for research (for example, the annual budget for the political science research provided by the U.S. National Science Foundation is around $10 million<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del><ref>{{cite web |author=Drezner, Daniel W. |title=Tom Coburn picks on political science. |url=http://drezner.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2009/10/07/tom_coburn_picks_on_political_science |accessdate=April 21, 2012| date=October 7, 2009}}</ref> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">as well as practical considerations</del>, realistically large-scale research must make do with a subset of the population or a ''sample''. Careful sample design, however, is necessary to ensure that our sample will be representative of the population of interest.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Ideally, when doing social scientific research we'd study the full population of interest. However, given the limited resources available to political scientists for research (for example, the annual budget for the political science research provided by the U.S. National Science Foundation is around $10 million<ref>{{cite web |author=Drezner, Daniel W. |title=Tom Coburn picks on political science. |url=http://drezner.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2009/10/07/tom_coburn_picks_on_political_science |accessdate=April 21, 2012| date=October 7, 2009}}</ref><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">)</ins>, realistically large-scale research must make do with a subset of the population or a ''sample''. Careful sample design, however, is necessary to ensure that our sample will be representative of the population of interest.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Chris Lawrencehttp://wiki.opossem.org/index.php?title=Sampling&diff=2418&oldid=prevChris Lawrence: /* Introduction */2012-04-21T13:35:43Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Introduction</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>= Introduction =</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>= Introduction =</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Ideally, when doing social scientific research we'd study the full population of interest. However, given the limited resources available to political scientists for research (for example, the annual budget for the political science research provided by the U.S. National Science Foundation is around $10 million,<ref>{{cite web author=Drezner, Daniel W. |title=Tom Coburn picks on political science. |url=http://drezner.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2009/10/07/tom_coburn_picks_on_political_science |accessdate=April 21, 2012| date=October 7, 2009}}</ref> as well as practical considerations, realistically large-scale research must make do with a subset of the population or a ''sample''. Careful sample design, however, is necessary to ensure that our sample will be representative of the population of interest.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Ideally, when doing social scientific research we'd study the full population of interest. However, given the limited resources available to political scientists for research (for example, the annual budget for the political science research provided by the U.S. National Science Foundation is around $10 million,<ref>{{cite web <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|</ins>author=Drezner, Daniel W. |title=Tom Coburn picks on political science. |url=http://drezner.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2009/10/07/tom_coburn_picks_on_political_science |accessdate=April 21, 2012| date=October 7, 2009}}</ref> as well as practical considerations, realistically large-scale research must make do with a subset of the population or a ''sample''. Careful sample design, however, is necessary to ensure that our sample will be representative of the population of interest.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Full population studies: the census=</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Full population studies: the census=</div></td></tr>
</table>Chris Lawrencehttp://wiki.opossem.org/index.php?title=Sampling&diff=2417&oldid=prevChris Lawrence: /* Introduction */2012-04-21T13:34:31Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Introduction</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Introduction=</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>= Introduction =</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Ideally, when doing social scientific research we'd study the full population of interest. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>However, given the limited resources available to political scientists for research (for example, the annual budget for the political science research provided by the U.S. National Science Foundation is around $10 million <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[</del>http://<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">blog</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">lordsutch</del>.com/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">archives</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4294])</del>, as well as practical considerations, realistically large-scale research must make do with a subset of the population or a ''sample''. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>Careful sample design, however, is necessary to ensure that our sample will be representative of the population of interest.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Ideally, when doing social scientific research we'd study the full population of interest. However, given the limited resources available to political scientists for research (for example, the annual budget for the political science research provided by the U.S. National Science Foundation is around $10 million<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,<ref>{{cite web author=Drezner, Daniel W. |title=Tom Coburn picks on political science. |url=</ins>http://<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">drezner</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">foreignpolicy</ins>.com/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">posts/2009/10/07</ins>/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">tom_coburn_picks_on_political_science |accessdate=April 21</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2012| date=October 7, 2009}}</ref> </ins>as well as practical considerations, realistically large-scale research must make do with a subset of the population or a ''sample''. Careful sample design, however, is necessary to ensure that our sample will be representative of the population of interest.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Full population studies: the census=</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Full population studies: the census=</div></td></tr>
</table>Chris Lawrencehttp://wiki.opossem.org/index.php?title=Sampling&diff=2409&oldid=prevChris Lawrence: /* Representative sampling */2012-04-20T20:18:46Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Representative sampling</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Social science researchers generally divide samples into two broad categories: ''random'' and ''non-random'' samples.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Social science researchers generally divide samples into two broad categories: ''random'' and ''non-random'' samples.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Chris Lawrencehttp://wiki.opossem.org/index.php?title=Sampling&diff=2408&oldid=prevChris Lawrence: /* Glossary */2012-04-20T20:17:35Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Glossary</span></span></p>
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</table>Chris Lawrencehttp://wiki.opossem.org/index.php?title=Sampling&diff=2407&oldid=prevChris Lawrence: /* Glossary */2012-04-20T20:17:26Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Glossary</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><!-- Here add any keywords or terms introduced on this page. Add them in a list like:</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><!-- Here add any keywords or terms introduced on this page. Add them in a list like:</div></td></tr>
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</table>Chris Lawrencehttp://wiki.opossem.org/index.php?title=Sampling&diff=2405&oldid=prevChris Lawrence: /* Studying part of the population: sampling */2012-04-20T20:14:30Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Studying part of the population: sampling</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Studying part of the population: sampling=</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Studying part of the population: sampling=</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">For relatively large populations where a census is impractical, studying only a part of the population is likely to be more feasible.  However, the researcher must take care to ensure that the sample is likely to be ''representative'' of the population being studied if s/he is interested in ''inference'', or learning about the population as a whole.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Social science researchers generally divide samples into two broad categories: ''random'' and ''non-random'' samples.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Representative sampling=</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Representative sampling=</div></td></tr>
</table>Chris Lawrencehttp://wiki.opossem.org/index.php?title=Sampling&diff=2401&oldid=prevChris Lawrence: /* Full population studies: the census */2012-04-20T19:58:27Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Full population studies: the census</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>With relatively small populations, or for specialized purposes, it may be reasonable to study the full population.  Such a study is referred to as a ''census''.  The most famous examples of censuses are the regular censuses conducted by most countries to catalog the characteristics of their populations, such as the United States Census conducted every ten years and the Canadian census conducted every five years.  In democratic countries, these censuses are important because they determine the basis of representation in national and subnational legislative bodies; they can also be important for the allocation of societal resources and for understanding the nature of social and economic problems faced by the population at large.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>With relatively small populations, or for specialized purposes, it may be reasonable to study the full population.  Such a study is referred to as a ''census''.  The most famous examples of censuses are the regular censuses conducted by most countries to catalog the characteristics of their populations, such as the United States Census conducted every ten years and the Canadian census conducted every five years.  In democratic countries, these censuses are important because they determine the basis of representation in national and subnational legislative bodies; they can also be important for the allocation of societal resources and for understanding the nature of social and economic problems faced by the population at large.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>However, social scientific researchers almost never have the resources sufficient to conduct such a census; for example, the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census#Cost<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|</del>2010 U.S. Census cost] an estimated $13 billion U.S., or $42 U.S. per respondent, and required the hiring of thousands of enumerators and data processing employees.  A census may be practical in more limited settings, such as a small community or an institutional setting (such as a university or college) with a relatively small population.  A census may also be an appropriate approach to comparing the characteristics of large political units (for example, studying countries or subnational political units such as states and provinces) or the members of political bodies (such as a parliament or other legislature).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>However, social scientific researchers almost never have the resources sufficient to conduct such a census; for example, the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census#Cost 2010 U.S. Census cost] an estimated $13 billion U.S., or $42 U.S. per respondent, and required the hiring of thousands of enumerators and data processing employees.  A census may be practical in more limited settings, such as a small community or an institutional setting (such as a university or college) with a relatively small population.  A census may also be an appropriate approach to comparing the characteristics of large political units (for example, studying countries or subnational political units such as states and provinces) or the members of political bodies (such as a parliament or other legislature).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Studying part of the population: sampling=</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Studying part of the population: sampling=</div></td></tr>
</table>Chris Lawrencehttp://wiki.opossem.org/index.php?title=Sampling&diff=2340&oldid=prevChris Lawrence: /* Full population studies: the census */2012-04-20T16:25:28Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Full population studies: the census</span></span></p>
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<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 16:25, 20 April 2012</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>With relatively small populations, or for specialized purposes, it may be reasonable to study the full population.  Such a study is referred to as a ''census''.  The most famous examples of censuses are the regular censuses conducted by most countries to catalog the characteristics of their populations, such as the United States Census conducted every ten years and the Canadian census conducted every five years.  In democratic countries, these censuses are important because they determine the basis of representation in national and subnational legislative bodies; they can also be important for the allocation of societal resources and for understanding the nature of social and economic problems faced by the population at large.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>With relatively small populations, or for specialized purposes, it may be reasonable to study the full population.  Such a study is referred to as a ''census''.  The most famous examples of censuses are the regular censuses conducted by most countries to catalog the characteristics of their populations, such as the United States Census conducted every ten years and the Canadian census conducted every five years.  In democratic countries, these censuses are important because they determine the basis of representation in national and subnational legislative bodies; they can also be important for the allocation of societal resources and for understanding the nature of social and economic problems faced by the population at large.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>However, social scientific researchers almost never have the resources sufficient to conduct such a census; for example, the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[</del>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census#Cost|2010 U.S. Census cost<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]</del>] an estimated $13 billion U.S., or $42 U.S. per respondent, and required the hiring of thousands of enumerators and data processing employees.  A census may be practical in more limited settings, such as a small community or an institutional setting (such as a university or college) with a relatively small population.  A census may also be an appropriate approach to comparing the characteristics of large political units (for example, studying countries or subnational political units such as states and provinces) or the members of political bodies (such as a parliament or other legislature).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>However, social scientific researchers almost never have the resources sufficient to conduct such a census; for example, the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census#Cost|2010 U.S. Census cost] an estimated $13 billion U.S., or $42 U.S. per respondent, and required the hiring of thousands of enumerators and data processing employees.  A census may be practical in more limited settings, such as a small community or an institutional setting (such as a university or college) with a relatively small population.  A census may also be an appropriate approach to comparing the characteristics of large political units (for example, studying countries or subnational political units such as states and provinces) or the members of political bodies (such as a parliament or other legislature).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Studying part of the population: sampling=</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Studying part of the population: sampling=</div></td></tr>
</table>Chris Lawrencehttp://wiki.opossem.org/index.php?title=Sampling&diff=2339&oldid=prevChris Lawrence: Created page with "<!-- add any hidden notes here --> =Objectives= * * * * =Introduction= Ideally, when doing social scientific research we'd study the full population of interest. However, gi..."2012-04-20T16:25:03Z<p>Created page with "<!-- add any hidden notes here --> =Objectives= * * * * =Introduction= Ideally, when doing social scientific research we'd study the full population of interest. However, gi..."</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div><!-- add any hidden notes here --><br />
<br />
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=Objectives=<br />
*<br />
*<br />
*<br />
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=Introduction=<br />
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Ideally, when doing social scientific research we'd study the full population of interest. However, given the limited resources available to political scientists for research (for example, the annual budget for the political science research provided by the U.S. National Science Foundation is around $10 million [http://blog.lordsutch.com/archives/4294]), as well as practical considerations, realistically large-scale research must make do with a subset of the population or a ''sample''. Careful sample design, however, is necessary to ensure that our sample will be representative of the population of interest.<br />
<br />
=Full population studies: the census=<br />
<br />
With relatively small populations, or for specialized purposes, it may be reasonable to study the full population. Such a study is referred to as a ''census''. The most famous examples of censuses are the regular censuses conducted by most countries to catalog the characteristics of their populations, such as the United States Census conducted every ten years and the Canadian census conducted every five years. In democratic countries, these censuses are important because they determine the basis of representation in national and subnational legislative bodies; they can also be important for the allocation of societal resources and for understanding the nature of social and economic problems faced by the population at large.<br />
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However, social scientific researchers almost never have the resources sufficient to conduct such a census; for example, the [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census#Cost|2010 U.S. Census cost]] an estimated $13 billion U.S., or $42 U.S. per respondent, and required the hiring of thousands of enumerators and data processing employees. A census may be practical in more limited settings, such as a small community or an institutional setting (such as a university or college) with a relatively small population. A census may also be an appropriate approach to comparing the characteristics of large political units (for example, studying countries or subnational political units such as states and provinces) or the members of political bodies (such as a parliament or other legislature).<br />
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=Studying part of the population: sampling=<br />
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=Representative sampling=<br />
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==Simple random samples==<br />
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==Quota samples==<br />
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==Snowball samples==<br />
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=Sources of error in sampling=<br />
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Selection bias...<br />
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Non-response bias...<br />
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__FORCETOC__</div>Chris Lawrence